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Slavery in Madras Presidency
Slavery in Madras Presidency during the British rule in India was affecting close to 20% of the population. With the huge numbers and also the imminent issues, various laws were implemented to prevent it. The landlords were predominantly from the higher castes and the lower caste people borrowed money against their lands from them, defaulting which, entered into a bonding for years. Slavery in Madras Presidency during the early 19th century was confined to transfer of agricultural labourers from one landlord to the other, but later periods saw slavery throughout their life for non-payment of debt. The slaves formed 12.2% of the total population in 1930.
The pattern of slavery and the population of slaves varied between various districts in the presidency. Various laws were passed during 1811, 1812 and 1823 to restrict slavery and prevent child labour, but was totally abolished with the Act V of 1843 and selling of slavery became criminal offence in 1862 under the new Indian Penal Code.
==Pattern==
The ''mirasdars'' or landlords were predominantly from the higher castes. The lower caste people borrowed money against their lands from the ''mirasdars'' for their marriage expenses, house building and farming. They thus enter into a bonding for some years due to default. In some cases, the hereditary relationships continue between the master and the slaves. There is divided opinion on whether Brahmins directly employed the slaves or hired labourers. A theory emitting from the note of the collector of Trichonopoly in 1819 states that Brahmins employed the lower caste people and the non-Brahmin land lords employed the lower caste people as slaves. Slavery was observed in almost all castes from Brahmins to non-Brahmins.〔British and Foreign Anti-slavery Society 1841, p. 5〕
Slavery in Madras Presidency during the early 19th century was confined to transfer of agricultural labourers (referred as ''pannaiyals'') from one landlord to the other. People were also subject to slavery throughout their life for non-payment of debt.〔 The pattern of slavery varied between different districts of the presidency.〔Kumar pp. 43–48〕 The pattern of selling the slaves with their lands also varied between the different districts. In South Arcot and Coimbatore districts, the slaves could be sold to anyone from an alien village. In Coimbatore district, slavery during the early 19th century was predominantly debt based. The slaves were sold along with their lands in Trichonopoly district and if they were sold away, they were not taken back in the village. The collector of Tinnevelly reported during 1919 that there was no specific pattern for selling slaves with and without land. It was later observed that the slaves were sold with their lands. A similar pattern was observed in Tanjore district, where selling of slaves to alien lands was rare. In Madurai district, slavery was gradually reducing as early as 1819. Some of the slaves after getting liberated joined British rule as Sepoys and some cultivated their own lands. In the northern parts of the presidency like Masulipatnam and Ganjam, agrarian slavery was minimal. In the Telugu speaking districts, the slaves were of three kinds – servants to ''zamindars'', servants of the Muslims and hired labourers attached to lands.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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